Improved quality of workforce with reduced skill gap to make them globally competitive and productive. Youth unemployment in Indonesia is 2nd highest in the Asia Pacific, which is caused by a skills mismatch and limited awareness of job opportunities. (30)

Achieve economic growth through holistic development and full-utilization of human capital.

Improve quality of educators by retraining in new methods of teaching.

Respect and credibility of certifications provided needs to be established. Testing procedures, grading systems must be standardized to ensure acceptability.

Regional disparity as lower quality of education outside developed regions (Eg. Java) which lack internet connectivity induces unfair competition among students despite standardized testing systems.

Existing investment in brick-and-mortar models may become obsolete and a sunk cost, resulting in wastage of resources.

Students with low level of ICT skills will require additional training on the usage of the platform, resulting in more effort and expense for the company.

Gender inequality and/or marginalization risk: Areas with better connectivity may benefit over remote areas. Only the population with mobile device and connectivity will be able to benefit.

Increasing inequality due to unequal distribution of resources can hamper regional progress of such models, resulting in concentration of operations in more developed areas.

Poor understanding of key skills can hamper the ability of educators to equip the next-generation workforce with the required skill-set. (9)

Language barrier prevents Indonesians from consuming content from global players (9)

Cyber crime that may target users from low resource settings (women, people with disability and low-income population) with limited information on registering grievances or on complaint mechanisms.

Gender inequality and/or marginalization risk: Lack of regulation and price control can result in exploitation of consumers by the private sector.

Provision of virtual skill development facilities to promote upskilling of the workforce and contribute to economic growth.

Indonesia's 2020-2024 National Medium-Term Development Plan: included Vocational Education and Training for Industry 4.0 to increase the skilled workforce that supports the development of industry 4.0 in the list of Strategic Priority Projects. (2)

Article 26 paragraph (4) of Law no. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System: includes Course Institutions and Training Institutes as two non-formal education units. (34)

Article 26 paragraph (5): explains that courses and training are held for people who need knowledge, skills, life skills, and attitudes to self-development, professional development, work, independent business, and/or continuing education to a higher level. (34)

Director General of Vocational Education Reg. No. 04 of 2021 concerning Technical Guidelines for Government Assistance for the Job Skills Education Program (PKK): aims to support the implementation of education and training service programs for developing work skills in accordance with industry needs (35).

Regulation of the Director General of Vocational Education Number 04 of 2021: Such skills make students competent in certain skill areas at the operator and technician level with competency certificates so that they can be used as provisions for job opportunities. The program is online, and the GoI welcomes institutions to collaborate (35).

Financial incentives: Imposition of VAT is intended for educational services provided by commercial educational institutions and educational institutions that do not implement the minimum curriculum required by the Law on the National Education System. (42)

Fiscal incentives: MoF Reg. no. 149/PMK.03/2021 concerning tax Incentives for taxpayers affected by Covid-19, businesses classified as Web Portals and/or Digital Platforms are classified as taxpayers receiving incentives, wherein income tax under PPH 21 and final income tax is borne by GoI. (41)

Other incentives: Vocational super deductions, namely on expenses/costs incurred by taxpayers for work practices, apprenticeships, or learning activities in the development of certain competencies can receive tax incentives (43).

The Ministry of Communication and Informatics facilitates various intermediate level digital skills training called Digital Talent Scholarship (DTS) to implement their Strategic Plan 2020-2024 (36) to accelerate digital transformation. The target increased from 1,000 scholarship recipients in 2018 to 100,000 recipients in 2021. (37)

Regulation of the Minister of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2021, MOEC Regulation No 81 of 2013 concerning the Establishment of Non-formal Education Units: regulates business licence, permit, standard and classification of training institutes (38).

Indonesia Standard Industrial Classification (KBLI) no. 78422: categorizes Training on Information and Communication Technology (39).

Directorate of Course Development and Training Directorate of Early Childhood Education and Community Education (PAUD and Dikmas): > preparing human resource competitiveness > expanding access and training through free 'Kursus Daring' program (for school dropouts and <35 years) (40)

MoF Regulation no. 149/PMK.03/2021: computer education services (private information and communication technology) are included in the classification of business fields for taxpayers who receive incentives for reduction in income tax installments (PPh 25) (41).

Corporates: Popskul, PT Cerdas Digital Nusantara, PT Codemi Global, PT Hacktivate Teknologi Indonesia, PT Zona Edukasi Nusantara Investors: Astronaut Technologies Pte Ltd., Investidea Ventures, Heritas Capital, Centauri Fund, East Ventures Pte. Ltd., PT Sinar Mas Digital Ventures

Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, Ministry of Finance, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Ministry of Manpower

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Asian Development Bank (ADB), World Bank (WB)

Indonesia teachers association (PGRI)

Pre-Employment Card program is a productivity improvement program. As an economic stimulus package, it combines temporary social assistance and skill development to help laid-off workers. GoI works with 174 institutions, like Skill Academy by Ruangguru and Cakap. (5.20)